Carl Gershman was born in New York City on July 20, 1943. He received a bachelor’s degree from Yale University in 1965, followed by a master’s degree from Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1968. Gershman has had a long and varied political career. Prior to assuming the presidency iof the National Endowment for Democracyn 1984, he worked as director of research, co-chairman and then executive director of the Youth Committee for Peace and Democracy in the Middle East between 1969 and 1974; as chairman of the Young People’s Socialist League between 1970 and 1974; and as executive director of Social Democrats, USA, between 1975 and 1980. He then served as a resident scholar at Freedom House from 1980 to 1981, as well as a human-rights representative to the United Nations under U.S. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick.